Long Anh Chiến, 58, sharpens a knife at his workshop. VNS Photo Bảo Hoa

Phúc Sen Village in the northern province of Cao Bằng is not a place first-time visitors might want to stay long, as the noise may come as a shock.

That noise is the sound of thousands of knives, of all shapes and sizes, being made each year by about 350 blacksmiths of the Nùng An ethnic minority.

During the day the village is filled with the sounds of workers beating and hammering steel as they forge knives using traditional techniques and recycled materials.

“We have been doing this job since my grandparents’ time, and I don’t remember exactly when it started,” says 58-year-old Long Anh Chiến.

“We get steel from the shock absorbers of used cars to make the knives,” he adds.

Legend has it that the craft was first started in the village about 200 years ago.

Nowadays some 200 households in Phúc Sen earn a living forging knives.

An experienced blacksmith can make 4-5 knives a day, a less experienced one 3-4, Chiến says.

Chiến started learning to make knives when he was 15. When he grew up he left the village to work elsewhere, but returned and took up the traditional craft in 1998.

“I’ve done a lot of jobs but they were all unstable. This job does not pay as much as others, but it gives me something to do every day and a stable income,” he says.

“There are 12 workers in my workshop, divided into four groups of three. Each group is responsible for producing a specific type of product. Knives, hammers, hoes, and rakes. Tools that serve agricultural production and domestic use.

“A senior blacksmith earns VNĐ15-20 million (US$650-860) a month. Those with less experience get VNĐ9-15 million per month.”

Despite the stable income, Chiến says the job requires a lot of hard work and the mastery of emotions to do it well.

“With this job we all work 10 hours a day, not eight like other jobs. Ten hours and a lot of effort, technique and skill,” he says.

“A blacksmith has to be both aggressive and calm. That’s what’s special about this job. If you’re being aggressive all the time your products will all go to waste. If you’re calm all the time and do everything slowly, the products will also not turn out well.

“Because the temperatures of fire fluctuate and decrease quickly. You have to be very quick to take advantage of the heat, that’s when your high temper comes into use. But then when you shape the knives you have to be very calm. Very calm and careful, otherwise your knives will not be sharp.”

There are different steps to make a knife but Long Anh Minh, 47, says there are four major ones.

“The first step of making a knife is to choose the steel. Then you temper the steel. Then you forge the knife, which is the most important step. The more carefully you do it, the higher quality your knife will be. Then you hone and shape it,” he says.

“The knives might be made from the same steel, but during the forging process, the longer you beat and hammer the knife, the more refined it will be since all the impurities have left.”

With some 20 years of experience in the trade, Minh said what makes Phúc Sen knives special is the manual forging process.

“I visited other knife villages and saw the blacksmiths there, while still using scrap steel from used cars like us, they use machines a lot and skip the manual steps when making the knives,” he says.

“Their knives might be sharp at first, but not for long. How long the knife stays sharp depends on the manual forging process.”

Requiring a lot of physical strength, making knives may seem to be a job for men. But Minh’s wife helps him with the majority of the work, and he says he wants to pass the job on to his children and keep the traditional craft alive.

He says: “I live on the land where this craft was born, so my entire family helps each other out.

“My children might not be old and strong enough to forge knives, but they can help with small work. Like shaping the knives, which doesn’t require much physical strength.

“This is a traditional job passed down to us from our ancestors. I hope my children will gradually take up the craft when they grow up.” VNS

GLOSSARY

That noise is the sound of thousands of knives, of all shapes and sizes, being made each year by about 350 blacksmiths of the Nùng An ethnic minority.

A blacksmith is someone who works with iron, by hand.

An ethnic minority is a community of people who have a different religion, culture, language or of a different race to most people around them.

During the day the village is filled with the sounds of workers beating and hammering steel as they forge knives using traditional techniques and recycled materials.

To forge knives means to make them by hammering metal while it is hot, on a fire.

Techniques are ways of doing things.

Recycled materials are things that are made from goods that have already been used for something else.

“We get steel from the shock absorbers of used cars to make the knives,” he adds.

Shock absorbers are car parts that are near the wheel of a car that make it possible for people in the car to feel they are having a smooth ride, even on a rough road.

Legend has it that the craft was first started in the village about 200 years ago.

A legend is a traditional story.

A craft is a job that requires some skill to do, using their hands.

“I’ve done a lot of jobs but they were all unstable. This job does not pay as much as others, but it gives me something to do every day and a stable income,” he says.

If a job is unstable, it does not give you a regular income but, rather, it gives you money every now and again.

A stable income is money that you earn at regular intervals, such as at the end of each month, every month.

“There are 12 workers in my workshop, divided into four groups of three. Each group is responsible for producing a specific type of product. Knives, hammers, hoes, and rakes. Tools that serve agricultural production and domestic use.

A specific type of product is one that fits a particular definition.

Domestic means “around the house”

Despite the stable income, Chiến says the job requires a lot of hard work and the mastery of emotions to do it well.

Requires means “needs”.

Emotions are feelings.

“A blacksmith has to be both aggressive and calm.”

Aggressive means “in the mood for a fight”.

“Because the temperatures of fire fluctuate and decrease quickly. You have to be very quick to take advantage of the heat, that’s when your high temper comes into use. But then when you shape the knives you have to be very calm. Very calm and careful, otherwise your knives will not be sharp.”

A temperature is a measure of heat or coldness.

If the temperature fluctuates it goes from one extreme to another.

Decreases means “becomes less”.

To take advantage of something means to make use of it.

Your temper is your state of mind when you feel strongly about something and can end up not thinking before you do something.

 “Then you hone and shape it,” he says.

To hone means sharpen.

“The knives might be made from the same steel, but during the forging process, the longer you beat and hammer the knife, the more refined it will be since all the impurities have left.”

Refined means processed to being pure.

Impurities are things that cause something not to be pure.

With some 20 years of experience in the trade, Minh said what makes Phúc Sen knives special is the manual forging process.

Manual means “by hand”.

But Minh’s wife helps him with the majority of the work, and he says he wants to pass the job on to his children and keep the traditional craft alive.

The majority means “most”.

“This is a traditional job passed down to us from our ancestors. I hope my children will gradually take up the craft when they grow up.”

Your ancestors are all the people in the generations before you: parents, grandparents, great grandparents, great great grandparents and so on.

Gradually means slowly.

WORKSHEET

State whether the following sentences are true, or false:

1. An experienced blacksmith can make three to four knives a day
2. A less experienced one four to five knives a day.
3. Long Anh Minh is forty-seven years old.
4. The knife makers of Phúc Sen Village are from the Nùng An ethnic minority.
5. Long Anh Minh’s wife helps him a lot with his work.

ANSWERS: 1. False; 2. False; 3. True; 4. True; 5. True.