Hà Anh Tuấn, Director of the Centre for Policy Analysis under the Institute for Biển Đông Maritime Studies, writes to Việt Nam News on the legal implications of the arbitral tribunal’s ruling and its impacts two years on.

HÀ NỘI — On July 12, 2016, the Tribunal established under Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) delivered a historical verdict in the arbitration instituted by the Philippines against China. The ruling has had long-term implications to the management and settlement of disputes in the South China Sea (called East Sea by Vietnam).

Among the five conclusions of the arbitral tribunal, the two decisions most relevant to Việt Nam’s national security concerns are about the legality of China’s nine-dash line claim and the legal status of features in the Spratlys. With regards to the nine-dash line claim, the Award concludes that “there was no legal basis for China to claim historic rights to resources within the sea areas falling within the ‘nine-dash line’”. Concerning the legal status of the features in the South China Sea, the Tribunal holds that none of the Spratly Islands are capable of generating extended maritime zones and “the Spratly Islands cannot generate maritime zones collectively as a unit.” Apart from these two points, the Tribunal also concludes that China’s actions in the South China Sea have caused irreparable harm to the marine environment and aggravated the dispute between the parties.

The ruling provides strong means to settle maritime disputes in the region. By concluding that no features in the Spratlys is capable of generating extended maritime zone, the Award significantly narrows down the geographical scope of disputes between parties in the Spratlys area. It also states clearly that China’s excessive claim in the South China Sea does not have legal foundation and China’s activities in the region, including the construction of artificial islands in the features it occupied in the Spratlys is against the international law.

China rejected the legitimacy of the court and officially stated it will neither recognise the Award nor comply with it. However, according to international law, the Award is “final and without appeal” and it will become a source of international law. The Award, therefore, has long-term implications to the peaceful settlement of disputes in the South China Sea.

Unlawful occupation

Much has been said about China’s attempts to change the status quo by civilising and militarising artificially developed islands in the South China Sea.

On another note, recently, the Hainan Province’s government – which is China’s administration over the islands it claims – has invited individuals to develop uninhabited islands under contracts lasting as long as 50 years.

What Hainan has recently published does not involve any features in the Paracels and Spratlys, however, we need to keep a close watch on this move as the scope of it may be expanded in the future.

According to international law, regardless of what a state does in an island, the island will not be seen as their territory if it is unlawfully occupied and other parties protest it. With regards to artificial islands, they will not be entitled to 200-nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ).

However, for power politics, major powers often try to gain de facto advantages on the ground. After the tribunal’s ruling, China has carried out lot of measures on both the legal front and on the ground to undermine the ruling.

Legally speaking, China in the first place has been adamant in its ‘three-nos’ policy (non-recognition of the tribunal’s jurisdiction, non-acceptance and non-compliance of the award). Second, China has been advancing a new ‘lawfare tactic’, the ‘Four Sha’ claim is an example. By grouping four groups of islands in the South China Sea namely Spratly, Paracels, Pratas, and Macclesfield Bank, China wants to claim extended maritime rights surrounding this chain of archipelagos. By doing so, China wants to bypass the ruling because it doesn’t mention directly the Spratly archipelago. Third, earlier in the year, Chinese legal experts have recently published an extensive 500-page “A Critical Study” on the arbitration award by the Chinese Society of International Law, which basically attempts to discredit the ruling and proposes their own new concepts.

On the ground, China continues to advance its economic activities, including tourism and fisheries development. Beijing is also increasing patrols and installing various surveillance systems to monitor the region.

South China Sea: an international and multilateral issue

Việt Nam has strong legal basis for its claims in the Spratlys and Paracels. Vietnamese high ranking officials have several times stated that Hà Nội will use every peaceful means to protect Việt Nam sovereignty in the South China Sea, including the use of international law. In principle, Việt Nam had said it respects the law and the foreign ministry announced that Việt Nam welcomed the arbitral tribunal’s award.

Internationalisation of the South China Sea issue was not Việt Nam’s prime intention. The nature of the issue itself is international and hence, needs multilateral efforts – aside from the six claimant countries, we cannot discount the influence and involvement of other outside major players such as the US, EU or Japan, India in this issue.

The tension in the South China Sea is not because of the implementation of international law but because international law has not been fully respected.